Chapter 13. Multiple-Indicator Measurement

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (5e) by Rex B. Kline

Author

Sungkyun Cho

Published

September 22, 2024

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Reflective Measurement and Effect Indicators

FIGURE 13.2. Measurement models for a set of three indicators: reflective measurement with effect indicators (a), causal–for‑ mative measurement with causal indicators (b), and composite (composite–formative) measurement with composite indicators (c). L, latent; M, manifest; C, composite.

Source: Fig 13.2 (p. 219)